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At its core, functional testing involves validating all the use cases and requirements outlined in the Functional Requirements Document (FRD) or other business requirement specifications to ensure the product operates as intended. In contrast, non-functional testing focuses on evaluating the product's quality attributes, such as performance, compliance with governance standards, security measures, and overall system reliability, ensuring it meets predefined benchmarks beyond functional correctness.

Testing is a critical phase in the software development lifecycle, ensuring that a product meets its requirements and functions as intended. It is broadly divided into two categories: functional testing and non-functional testing. Understanding these categories is essential for developing robust, reliable, and user-friendly software systems. This chapter explores these two testing types, their significance, methodologies, examples, and key differences.